4.1 History of English Drama
Drama:
1) Drama is a composition in verse or prose to be acted on the stage, in
which a story is related by means of dialogue and action and is represented
with, accompanying gesture, costume and scenery as in real life.
2) Drama is a composition designed for performance in the theatre in
which actors take the roles of the characters, perform the indicated action and
utter the written dialogue
The
elements of drama are-
1. plot
2. characterization
3. dialogue
4. settings
5. stage directions
6. conflict
7. theme
(I) Introduction
to English Theatre:
Drama has its origins in
folk theatre. Drama is a multiple art using words, scenic effects, music,
gestures of the actors and the organising talents of a producer. The dramatist
must have players, a stage and an audience.
The beginnings of drama in England are obscure. There is evidence to believe that when the Romans were in England, they established vast amphitheaters for the production of plays but when the Romans departed their theatre departed with them.
(Amphitheaters: a circular building without a roof
and with rows of seats that rise in steps around an open space. Amphitheaters
were used in ancient Greece and Rome.)
Then
there were minstrels. (Minstrels: a medieval singer or musician, especially one
who sang or recited lyric or heroic poetry to a musical accompaniment for the
nobility.) People enjoyed their performances.
Gradually
by the 10th century the ritual of the plays that itself had something dramatic
in it and had got few features of a play.
Between the 13th and 14th century drama started having themes which were separated from religion. The words themselves were spoken in English, a longer dramatic script came into use, and they were called as Miracle plays.
(Miracle plays: Miracle
plays are among the earliest formally developed plays in medieval Europe. These
plays focused on the representation of Bible stories in churches.)
Later,
these religious dramas were the Morality plays in which characters were
abstract vices and virtues. (Mortality Plays: a kind of allegorical drama having
personified abstract qualities as the main characters and presenting a lesson
about good conduct and character, popular in the 15th and early 16th centuries.)
These were allegories. (Allegory: a story, play, picture, etc. in which each
character or event is a symbol representing an idea or a quality, such as
truth, evil, death, etc.; the use of such symbols.)
(II) Elizabethan
and Restoration Theatre:
The Secular Morality plays have direct links with Elizabethan plays.
Features of the Renaissance Period:
i) They imposed a learned
tradition.
ii) They were classical
in depth with themes of education.
iii) They presented general
moral problems.
iv) They showed secular
politics.
v) These plays had
nothing to do with religion.
vi) There were examples
of both, comedy and tragedy.
Prime Dramatists:
Thomas
Kyd, Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare are the prime dramatists of
this era.
It was
Kyd who discovered how easily blank verse might be converted into a useful theatrical
medium which Shakespeare used brilliantly in all his plays.
Tragedy developed in the hands of Kyd and
Marlowe.
Comedy
had also proceeded beyond rustic humour.
By the
nineties of the 16th century, the theatre in England was fully established but
complicated conditions governed the activities of the dramatist.
The
public theatre of the 16th century:
i) It differed in many
important ways from the modern theatre.
ii) It was open to sky.
iii) They were without
artificial lighting.
iv) The stage was a
raised platform with the recess at the back supported by pillars.
v)There was no curtain
and the main platform could be surrounded on three sides by the audience.
vi) There were galleries around
the theatre.
In the 17th
century the enclosed theatre gained importance. There was increasing attention
to scenic device as theatre became private.
William
Shakespeare:
Shakespearean
era came into existence in the 16th century to the public theatre. He wrote for
the contemporary theatre, manipulating the Elizabethan stage with great
resource and invention. William Shakespeare was an English playwright, poet,
and actor, widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and
the world's greatest dramatist. He is often called England's national poet and
the "Bard of Avon".
Ben
Johnson:
Ben Johnson was contemporary
to William Shakespeare. He was a classicist, a moralist and a reformer of
drama. In comedy, Johnson’s genius is
found at its best and his influence was considerable. The Restoration
dramatists leaned strongly upon him.
Closing
of theatres:
Closing of theatres by
the Puritans in 1642. The Puritans were English Protestants in the 16th and
17th centuries who sought to purify the Church of England of Roman Catholic
practices, maintaining that the Church of England had not been fully reformed
and should become more Protestant. With the Civil wars no theatre existed
between 1642 to 1660.
The next
phase which appeared after the Restoration produced a very different kind of
dramatic literature. Dramatists like Chapman, Thomas Middleton, Webster and
Dekker were at the forefront.
When Charles II came back with the
Restoration of 1660, the theatres were reopened. The Restoration comedy
achieved its peculiar excellence. Drama developed into class drama with
upper-class ethos. It lasted beyond this period into the first decade of the
18th century.
Comedy
in the early 18th century declined into sentimentalism. It became
Comedy of Manners. George Etherege was its most important exponent. From such
depths the drama was rescued by Oliver Goldsmith and Richard Sheridan.
(III)
Modern Theatre:
Features:
1) Use of picture frame
stage.
2) Actresses taking
female parts.
3) Moveable scenery
designed to create a visual image for each scene.
4) Use of artificial
lights.
5) Irregular spectacle,
melodrama and farce.
6) Monopoly held by the
two houses, Covent Garden and Drury Lane, for the performance of serious drama.
7) The audiences which
gathered to the 19th century theatre had not the intelligence or the
imagination of the Elizabethan audience.
8) The danger in the 19th
century theatre was that, above all, it was unrelated to the life of the time.
Henrik Ibsen:
Ibsen was the great
Norwegian dramatist of the 19th century. He dominates the modern drama. He
developed modernist, realist, social and psychological dramas like The Doll’s
house, Ghosts, and An Enemy of the People. They are far more subtle in
stagecraft and profound in thought than anything in the modern English theatre.
G. B. Shaw:
George Bernard Shaw was
deeply influenced and affected by Ibsen’s innovative contributions and experimentation.
He was the most brilliant playwrights of his times. He alone had understood the
greatness of Ibsen and he was determined that his own plays should also be a
vehicle for ideas.
The
responsibility of elevation of the English drama to the brilliance of the Ibsen,
fell with Oscar Wilde and G. B. Shaw in the late 19th and early 20th
century.
The 20th
century Drama:
The 20th
century showed a talent in the drama with which the 19th century
could not compete. H. Granville Barker, John Galsworthy, St. John Ervine were
some of the playwrights who explored contemporary problems. St. John Ervine had
been associated with a group of Irish dramatists whose work was normally
produced in the Abbey theatre in Dublin. Much that is best in the modern drama
in English developed from this movement. One of its originators were Lady
Gregory with W. B. Yeats and J. M. Synge. They were the most important
dramatists of this Irish revival who used a sense of tragic irony, a violent
species of humour and a rich and highly flavoured language.
T.S.
Eliot experimented with Greek tragedy in the early forties of the 20th century.
Other dramatists of the modern era, John Osborne, wrote on people who grew up
after the Second World War.
Kingsley
Amis wrote about frustrated, anti-establishment young people. Osborne’s ‘Look
Back in Anger’ brought a new vitality to the theatre scene. It was more a
cultural phenomenon than the work of literature.
Other
important playwrights of the modern era include Anton Chekhov, Bertolt Brecht,
Eugene O’Neill, Arthur Miller, Tennessee William, Eugène Ionesco, Samuel
Beckett and Harold Pinter.
(IV)
Indian Theatre:
Featurers:
i) Earliest seeds of
modern Indian Drama can be found in the Sanskrit Drama.
ii) From the first
century A.D. ‘Mahabhasya’ by Patanjali provides a feasible date for the
beginning of theatre in India.
iii) ‘A Treatise on
Theatre’ (Natya Shastra) by Bharat Muni is the most complete work of
dramatology in the ancient world. It gives mythological account of the origin
of theatre.
iv) Modern Indian drama however, has influences from all over the world, as well as Sanskrit and Urdu traditions.
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Objective
Test
1) Name any four
periods of History of British Drama.
Answer:- The four periods of History of
British Drama are:
i) Medieval period
ii) Renaissance period
iii) Restoration period
iv) Victorian period
2) List the four elements of drama.
Answer:- The four elements of drama are plot,
characters, theme and stage directions.
3) Give any two examples of dramas each from any four periods of history.
Answer:-
i) Medieval period
:- Robin Hood, Everyman
ii) Renaissance period
:- Romeo and Juliet,
Duchess of Malfi
iii) Restoration
period
:- All for Love, The Way
of the World
iv) Victorian period
:- The Importance of
Being Earnest, A Doll’s House
4) Compare the features of a comedy and tragedy.
Answer:-
|
Comedy |
Tragedy |
|
i) A comedy deals with humorous story with a happy ending. |
i) The tragedy deals with a serious or darker themes with sad ending. |
|
ii) A comedy creates laughter and fun. |
ii) A tragedy creates emotions of pity and fear. |
|
iii) A comedy depends mostly on unusual circumstances and witty
dialogues |
iii) In tragedy the main character mostly has a moral flaw that causes
the tragic end. |
|
iv) A Comedy uses humorous dialogues and situations to give relief |
iv) A tragedy evokes pity for the characters and teach moral lesson. |
5) Define drama.
Answer:- Drama is a composition in verse or prose to be acted on the stage. It tells a story through action, costume, setting and dialogue.
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